The quality of the relationship between parents and children  according to some demographic variables

Taha, Manal AbdEl-Naeem Muhammad

doi:10.21608/jealex.2020.157312

The quality of the relationship between parents and children according to some demographic variables

Author

Manal AbdEl-Naeem Muhammad Taha

Assistant Professor of Indicative Psychology - Graduate School of Education - Cairo University

10.21608/jealex.2020.157312

Abstract

The study aimed to find out the differences in the average scores of the quality of the parent-child relationship as perceived by each of them according to the parents' characteristics (gender - age - educational qualification - the number of years of marriage - the number of children) and according to the characteristics of the children (gender - age - and educational stage), in addition To finding out the nature of the relationships between the quality of the relationship between parents and children and each of the parents and children characteristics , and finally to determine the extent to which these variables contribute to predicting the quality of the relationship between parents and children for a sample of parents and their children. The sample of the study was (115), including (69) mothers and (46) fathers. The sample of children, of which (115) included (45) males and (70) females, and the study used a measure of the quality of the relationship between parents and children in two forms (copy for Parents and the other for children). By using T-test for two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficients, Point-biserial correlation coefficients, and Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis to predict the quality of the relationship between parents and children. The study found the following results: The presence of statistically significant differences in the quality of the relationship between parents and children as perceived by children according to the parents ’academic qualification in favor of the postgraduate qualification, and the existence of a direct correlation between the quality of the relationship between parents and children as perceived by each of the parents and children and the educational qualification of the parents, in the meaning that whenever Parents' educational qualification raises , the quality of the relationship between them and their children also will be raised , as each of them perceives it. The results indicated that the variable of the higher educational qualification of the parents was able to predict the quality of the high relationship between parents and children as each of them perceives it.

Keywords

References

1. Adams, G. R., Ryan, B. A., Ketsetzis, M., & Keating, L. (2000). Rule compliance and peer sociability: A study of family process, school-focused parent-child Interactions, and children’s classroom behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 237-250. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.14.2.237.
2. Amato, P. R., & Booth, A. (2001). The legacy of parents' marital discord: Consequences for children's marital quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (4), 627-638.
3. Boll, T., Ferring, D., & Filipp, S. (2003). Perceived parental differential treatment in middle adulthood: Curvilinear relations with individuals' experienced relationship quality to siblings and parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 17 (4), 472-487.
4. Bosco, G. L., Renk, K., Dinger, T. M., Epstein, M. K., & Phares, V. (2003). The connections between adolescents’ perceptions of parents, parental psychological symptoms, and adolescent functioning. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 179–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(03)00044-3
5. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Vol 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
6. Buckingham, M.H. (2014).Empathy and Helping Behavior in Adolescence: The Role of Parent-Child Relationships1. A thesis submitted by in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts inChild Development Tufts University.
7. Choo, H., & Shek, D. (2013). Quality of Parent-Child Relationship, Family Conflict, Peer Pressure, and Drinking Behaviors of Adolescents in an Asian Context: The Case of Singapore. Social Indicators Research, 110(3), 1141-1157.doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9977-4.

Clark, L.M. (2017). Early Child Maltrtment and Adolesent To Delquency: Parent-Child Relationship Quality and Parental Montoring as AS Predictors of Resiliance.resented to the Faculty of The University of Houston-Clear Lake in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of arts.

10. Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R. L. (2010). Changing parent’sMindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results From a randomized pilot intervention trial. J Child FAM Stud, 19(2), 203-217.

11. Coley, R. L., Votruba-Drzal, E., & Schindler, H. S. (2008). Trajectories of parenting processes and adolescent substance use: Reciprocal effects. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(4), 613-625. Doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9205-5.

12. Connor, J., & Rueter, M. (2006). Parent-child relationships as systems of support or risk for adolescent suicidality, Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 143-155. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.143

13. Coplan, R., Arbeau, A. & Armer, M. (2008). Don’t fret, be supportive! Maternal Characteristics linking child shyness to psychosocial and school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 36, 359-371.

14. Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116 (3), 387-411.

15. Dawson, G., Ashman, S.B., Panagiotides, H., Hessl, D., Self, J., Yamada, E., & Embry, (2003). Preschool outcomes of children of depressed mothers: Role of maternal behavior, Contextual risk and children’s brain activity. Child Development. 74(4), 1158-75.

16. De Goede, I. H., Branje, S. J., & Meeus, W. H. (2009). Developmental changes in adolescents' perceptions of relationships with their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(1), 75-88. Doi: 10.1007/s10964-008-9286-7.

17. Dinero, R. E., Conger, R. D., Shaver, P. R., Widaman, K. F., & Larsen-Rife, D. (2008).Influence of family of origin and adult romantic partners on romantic attachment security. Journal of Family Psychology, 22 (3), 622-632.

18. Dixon, S., Graber, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2008). The roles of respect for parental

19. Doctorate of Philosophy .Grand Canyon University.doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9977-4.

20. Ehrlich, K Dixon, S., Graber, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2008). The roles of respect for parental authority and parenting practices in parent-child conflict among African American, Latino, and European American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 1-10. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.1

21. Ehrlich, K., Hoyt, L., Sumner, J., McDade, T., & Adam, E. (2015). Quality of

22. Relationships with parents and friends in adolescence predicts metabolic risk in young adulthood. Health Psychology, 34(9), 896-904. Doi: 10.1037/hea0000213

23. Engels, R. C. M. E., Finkenauer, C, Meeus, W., & Dekovic, M. (2001). Parental attachment and adolescents' emotional adjustment: The associations with social skills and relational competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48 (4), 428-439.

24. Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y., Kim, K., Fung, H. H., Han, G., Lang, F. R. et al. (2016). Parental involvement with college students in Germany, Hong Kong, Korea, and the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 37, 1384– 1411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14541444.

25. Friesen, M. D., Woodward, L. J., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2013). Quality of Parent-Child Relations in Adolescence and Later Adult Parenting Outcomes. Social Development, 22(3), 539-554. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00657.x

26. Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63(1), 103-115.

27. Gerard, A.B. (1994). Parent-Child Relationship Inventory Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

28. Ghanizadeh, A. & Shams, F. (2007). Children’s perceived parent-child relationships and family functioning in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 20(3), 1-9. Retrieved from

29. Greenberg, J. S., Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., Chou, R. J. A., & Hong, J. (2004). The effect of quality of the relationship between mothers and adult children with schizophrenia, autism, or Down syndrome on maternal well-being: The mediating role of optimism. American Journal o f Orthopsychiatry, 74, 14-25.

30. Hare, A. L., Miga, E. M., & Allen, J. P. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of aggression in romantic relationships: The moderating role of attachment security. Journal of Family Psychology, 23 (6), 808-818.

31. Harold, G., Leve, L., Barrett, D., Elam, K., Neiderhiser, J., Natsuaki, M., & Thapar, A. Choo, Revisiting the developmental interface between nature and nurture. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 54(10), 1038-1046.doi:10.1111/jcpp.12100

32. Hatton, H., Donnellan, M. B., Maysn, K., Feldman, B. J., Larsen-Rife, D., & Conger, R. D. (2008). Family and individual difference predictors of trait aspects of negative interpersonal behaviors during emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 22 (3), 448-455.

33. Hazel, N., Oppenheimer, C., Technow, J., Young, J., & Hankin, B. (2014). Parent Relationship Quality Buffers against the Effect of Peer Stressors on Depressive Symptoms from Middle Childhood to Adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 50(8), 2115-2123. Doi: 10.1037/a0037192.

34. Helsen, M., Vollebergh, W., & Meeus, W. (2000). Social support from parents and friends and emotional problems in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(3), 319-335.

35. Kanyinga, H.S.; Goldfield, G.S.; Kingsbury, M.; Clayborne, Z.; Colman, L., (2019). Social media use and parent–child relationship: A cross‐sectional study of adolescents. Community Psychol. 2020; 48:793–803.

36. Kibblewhite, S.J. (2006). Family Relationships and Emotional Reciprocity in Adolescent /Young Adult Sisters a DissertationSubmitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research through PsychologyIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Windsor. Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

37. Kim, J. (2011). Patterns of Parent-Child Relationship Quality, Parent Depression and Adolescent Development Outcomes. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington, 2011

38. Kim, K. J., Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., & Elder Jr., G. H. (2001). Parent-adolescent reciprocity in negative affect and its relation to early adult social development.Developmental Psychology, 37 (6), 775-790.

39. Kouros, C. D., Papp, L. M., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2014). Spillover between marital quality and parent–child relationship quality: Parental depressive symptoms as moderators. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 315-325. Doi: 10.1037/a0036804.

40. Laursen, B., Coy, K. C., & Collins, W. A. (1998). Reconsidering changes in parent-child conflict across adolescence: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 69(3), 817-832.

41. Litvinov, L. (2007). Parent-Child Relationship Quality and Parent Knowledge of Child Stressful Life Events The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. UMI Number: 3248477.

42. Malczyk, B.R. (2015) .The effects of parental monitoring and parent-child relationships quality on children’s academic engagement in mother-headed, single-parent families. A Dissertation Submitted to the University at Albany, State University of New York In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy .School of Social Welfare ProQuest Number: 3739216.

43. Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Maassen, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Separation-individuation revisited: On the interplay of parent-adolescent relations, identity and emotional adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 28(1), 89-106. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.07.003.

44. Noack, P., & Puschner, B. (1999). Differential trajectories of parent-child relationships and psychosocial adjustment in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 22(6), 795-804. doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0270.

45. Nomaguchi, K. M. (2012). Parenthood and psychological well-being: Clarifying the role of child age and parent–child relationship quality. Social Science Research, 41(2), 489-498.doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.08.001.

46. O’Boyle, M. M., (2012). Young Children’s Perspectives on Parent Child Relationship Quality as Measued by the Berkeley Puppet Interview: Associations with Behavioural Adjustment. Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. UMI Number: 1531791.

47. Papp, L. M., Cummings, E. M., & Goeke-Morey, M. C. (2005). Parent psychological distress, parent-child relationship qualities, and child adjustment: Direct, mediating, and reciprocal pathways. Parenting: Science & Practice, 5, 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0503_2.

48. Podjamy, G. (2007) Perceptions o f Parent-Child Relationship Quality in Parents of Children With and Without Autism.A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree o f Master of Arts Department of Psychology, Carleton University.

49. Pressure, and Drinking Behaviors of Adolescents in an Asian Context: The Case of Singapore. Social Indicators Research, 110(3), 1141-1157.doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9977-4

50. Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. Oxford University Press, USA.

51. Shafie, R. (2017). Healthy Attachment and Parent-Child Relationships. A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Philosophy .Grand Canyon University.

52. Shanahan, L., McHale, S. M., Osgood, D. W., & Crouter, A. C. (2007). Conflict frequency with mothers and fathers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Within- and between-families comparisons. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 539-550. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.539.

53. Simpkins, S., Weiss, H., McCartney, K., Kreider, H., & Dearing, E. (2006). Mother-childrelationship as a moderator of the relationship between family educational involvement and child achievement. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6(1), 49-57. Doi: 10.1207/s15327922par06012.

54. Steele, E.H. (2020).Relationships Among Emerging Adult Psychological Problems, Maltreatment, and Parental Psychopathology: Moderation by Parent–Child Relationship Quality. Family Process, Vol. 59, No. 1, 2020 © 2018 Family Process Institute doi: 10.1111/famp.12407.

55. Stern, A. (2011) Sibling Relationship Quality, Parent-Child Relationship Quality, and their Effects on Adult Romantic Relationships.

56. Whitton, S. W., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2008). Effects of parental divorce on marital commitment and confidence. Journal of Family Psychology, 22 (5), 789-793.,

57. Woolley, M. E., Kol, K. L., & Bowen, G. L. (2009). The social context of school success for Latino middle school students’ direct and indirect influences of teachers, family, and friends. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 43-70.

58. Yang, Y. (2014).Parent-Child Communication in Families with Children Conceived with Assisted Reproductive Technology: Associations with Disclosure and Parent-Child Relationship Quality.A Thesis Sumbitted to the faculty of the University of Minesota. UMI Number: 1563304.

59. Young, T. (2018). Parental Characteristics and Parent-Child Relationship Quality in Families with Disabled Children. Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology. Walden University.

60. Zhang, X., Chen, H., Zhang, G., & Wu, W. (2008). A Longitudinal Study of parent-child relationships and problem behaviors in early childhood: Transactional model. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 40(5), 571-582.

61. Zhou, T., & Yi, C. (2014). Parenting Styles and Parents' Perspectives on How Their Own Emotions Affect the Functioning of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Family Process, 53(1), 67-79. doi:10.1111/famp.12058.