Arab Identity in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish and Lena Tuffaha

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Assistant Professor in the Department of English Language and Literature , Faculty of Arts, Tanta University

Abstract

The issue of self-identity is an intricate and a multi-layered one. Any definition of the self involves a multiplicity of factors within and beyond the self. Those factors may be momentous to the shaping of the self to the extent that they become the lens through which the individual perceives him/herself. The two poets discussed in this paper, Mahmoud Darwish and Lena Tuffaha, have journeyed in a process of self-exploration in which they perceived their identities from the perspective of a lost homeland. This paper attempts to illuminate the poets’ self-identities through the lens they perceived themselves. It examines their ongoing process of revisioning with regard to their self-conception. The paper draws on several self-theories which help illuminate the different facets of their self-identities in relation to their homeland and makes use of the motifs of time and place in the discussion.

Keywords


 
Abrams, Dominic, and Michael A. Hogg. Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances. Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990.
Ahmed, Hamoud, and Ruzy Hashim. “Resisting Colonialism through Nature: An Ecopostcolonial Reading of Mahmoud Darwish's Selected Poems.” Holy Land Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, 2014, pp. 89-107.
Alexander, Jeffery C., et al. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. University of California Press, 2004.
Austrian, Sonia. Developmental Theories Through the Life Cycle. Columbia University Press, 2008.
Darwish, Mahmoud. “Antithesis.” Journal of Arabic Literature, translated by George El-Hage, 2005, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 50-51.
---. "Identity Card." Splinters of Bone: Poems. Translated by B. M. Bennani, Greenfield Review Press, 1974, pp. 13-14.
---. “The Owl’s Night.” Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone? Translated by Jeffrey Sacks, Archipelago Books, 2006, p. 22.
---. “Who Am I After the Stranger’s Night?” If I Were Another: Poems. Translated by Fady Joudah, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009.
Erikson, Erik. Identity, Youth, and Crisis. W. W. Norton, 1968.
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Richard Philcox, Grove Press, 1963.
Farhat, Zahraa. “Arab-American Poet Finds Inspiration in her Heritage.” The Arab American News, 25 Aug. 2018, arabamericannews.com/2017/08/25/arab-american-poet-finds-inspiration-in-her-heritage/
Ghanim, Honaida. “The Urgency of a New Beginning in Palestine: An Imagined Scenario by Mahmoud Darwish and Hannah Arendt.” College Literature, vol. 38, no. 1, 2011, pp. 75-94.
Habib, Maha F. “Writing Palestinian Exile: The Politics of Displacement in the Narratives of Mahmoud Dawish, Mourid Barghouti, Raja Shehadeh and Fawaz Turki.” Holy Land Studies, vol. 12, no. 1, 2013, pp. 71-90.
Hamzah, Hussain. “The Image of the Mother in the Poetry of Mahmoud Darwish.” Holy Land Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, 2009, pp. 159-194.
Hermans, Hubert. Assessing and Stimulating a Dialogical Self in GroupsTeams, Cultures and Organizations, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2016.
---. “The Construction and Reconstruction of a Dialogical Self.” Journal of Constructivist Psychology, no. 16, 2003, pp. 89-130.
---. “Dialogical Self Theory and the Increasing Multiplicity of I-Positions in a Globalizing Society: An Introduction.” New Directions for Child and Adolescent Behaviour, no. 137, 2012, pp. 1-21.
Hermans, Hubert and Agnieszka Hermans-Konopka. Dialogical Self Theory: Positioning and Counter-Positioning in a Globalizing Society. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Hoare, Carol Hren. Erikson on Development in Adulthood: New Insights from the Unpublished Papers. Oxford University Press, 2002.
Hughes, Luther. “'I belong to many places': A Q&A with Washington State Book Award winner Lena Khalaf Tuffaha.” The Seattle Times, 21 Dec. 2018, seattletimes.com/entertainment/books/i-belong-to-many-places-a-qa-with-washington-state-book-award-winner-lena-khalaf-tuffaha/
Irving, Sarah. “Nostalgia with a Political Edge.” The Electronic Intifada, 25 Jul. 2017, electronicintifada.net/content/nostalgia-political-edge/21191
Mena, Erica. "The Geography of Poetry: Mahmoud Darwish and Post National Identity." Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, vol. 7, no. 5, 2009, pp. 111-117.
Sazzad, Rehnuma. Edward Said's Concept of Exile: Identity and Cultural Migration in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris, 2017.
Siddiq, Muhammad. “Significant but Problematic Others: Negotiating “Israelis” in the Works of Mahmoud Darwish.” Comparative Literature Studies, vol. 47, no. 4, 2010, pp. 487-503.
Tuffaha, Lena Khalaf. “Immigrant.” Water & Salt, Red Hen Press, 2017, pp. 22-23.
---. “Kaan’s Sister Saar.” Michigan Quarterly Review, vol. 57, no. 2, 2018, p. 222.
---. “Linger.” The James Franco Review, 27 May 2015, no. 3, thejamesfrancoreview.com/2015/05/27/two-poems-by-lena-khalaf-tuffaha/
---. “Notes on the Nature and Implications of Kaan.” Michigan Quarterly Review, vol. 57, no. 2, p. 219.
---. “Upon Arrival.” Water & Salt, Red Hen Press, 2017, p. 15.
Wasserstein, David J. “Prince of Poets.” American Scholar, vol. 81, no. 4, 2012, pp. 111-117.
Yeshurun, Helit. “'Exile Is So Strong Within Me, I May Bring It to the Land' A Landmark 1996 Interview with Mahmoud Darwish.” Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 42, no. 1, 2012, pp. 46-70.